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The purpose of the current study was to: a) explore rater variability on the VCI, b) explore rater tendencies, and c) compare rater tendencies between graduate students and licensed and/or certified school psychologists. Considering the results of prior literature that has investigated scoring errors and inter-rater agreement on the WISC, it was hypothesized that examiners would be significantly different from one another (overall and between groups) in terms of their tendencies towards severity/leniency on the Vocabulary and Similarities subtests. Raters (N = 10) were comprised of two groups: a) graduate students in training to become school psychologists (n = 5) and b) licensed and/or certified school psychologists (n = 5). A total of 30 partially completed protocols (Similarities and Vocabulary subtests only) were scored by raters using a connected rating design. Results of the study revealed that rater effects were not present overall, nor between groups (i.e., licensed and/or certified school psychologists and graduate students) suggesting that raters did not significantly differ in their tendencies toward severity/leniency when scoring items on the subtests that comprise the VCI. School psychologists should continue to adhere to standardized administration and scoring rules as outlined in the WISC-V administration and scoring manual. Practitioners should also continue consulting with colleagues regarding ambiguous examinee responses.
NIU theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from Huskie Commons for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without the written permission of the authors.
All WCST materials, including the manual, have been translated into European Spanish and designed especially for Spanish-speaking clinicians and their clients. Normative data were collected primarily in Spain, with additional data collected in some Latin American countries. As a result, norms may not generalize to Spanish-speaking groups in the U.S. Certain test items and stimuli in this translation vary from the English version because of cultural and linguistic differences between the countries and their language. Visit WCST Spanish to order.
This informative DVD tutorial provides detailed training in the standardized WCST administration and scoring procedures developed by Dr. Robert K. Heaton. The training package is particularly helpful for individuals who are just learning to administer this multifaceted neuropsychological instrument. It is also an excellent review for experienced clinicians and psychometricians.
Respondents are required to sort numbered response cards according to different principles and to alter their approach during test administration. To complete the task, clients should have normal or corrected vision and hearing sufficient to adequately comprehend the instructions and to visually discriminate the stimulus parameters.
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Background: There is inadequate information regarding the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth UK Edition (WISC-VUK ; Wechsler, 2016a, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth UK Edition, Harcourt Assessment, London, UK) to guide interpretation.
Aims and methods: The WISC-VUK was examined using complementary exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for all models proposed by Wechsler (2016b, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth UK Edition: Administration and scoring manual, Harcourt Assessment, London, UK) as well as rival bifactor models.
Results: EFA did not support a theoretically posited fifth factor because only one subtest (Matrix Reasoning) had a salient pattern coefficient on the fifth factor. A model with four group factors and a general intelligence factor resembling the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA) was supported by both EFA and CFA. General intelligence (g) was the dominant source of subtest variance and large omega-hierarchical coefficients supported interpretation of the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) score. In contrast, the four group factors accounted for small portions of subtest variance and low omega-hierarchical subscale coefficients indicated that the four-factor index scores were of questionable interpretive value independent of g. Present results replicated independent assessments of the Canadian, Spanish, French, and US versions of the WISC-V (Canivez, Watkins, & Dombrowski, 2016, Psychological Assessment, 28, 975; 2017, Psychological Assessment, 29, 458; Fennollar-Corts & Watkins, 2018, International Journal of School & Educational Psychology; Lecerf & Canivez, 2018, Psychological Assessment; Watkins, Dombrowski, & Canivez, 2018, International Journal of School and Educational Psychology).
National Research Council (US) U.S. National Committee for the International Union of Psychological Science; Russell RW, Ebert Flattau P, Pope AM, editors. Behavioral Measures of Neurotoxicity: Report of a Symposium. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1990.
From the viewpoint of protecting workers from irreversible damage by chemicals, particualarly neurotoxicants, approaches for early detection of reversible neurotoxicity at the subclinical stage of exposure are a growing concern. Over the years, scientific research on, and applications of, neurobehavioral toxicity testing have been extensively conducted in Finland, the United States, and some countries in Europe. Emphasis has been mainly on the development of a test battery for the purpose of early detection of neurobehavioral effects due to occupational exposure to neurotoxic agents in the working population. Helena Hanninen is regarded as one of the most respected pioneers in this field that she called “toxicopsychology.” Her booklet “Behavioral Test Battery for Toxicopsychological Studies” (Hanninen and Lindstrom, 1979) has provided detailed information about test items, instruments, and procedures for researchers involved in behavioral studies. Other pioneering work contributed by international efforts has played a key role in the initiation of neurobehavioral toxicity testing in China. Growing numbers of Chinese researchers are showing interest in exploring the use of neurobehavioral tests and recognizing that a proper test battery may serve as one of the most useful tools in the early detection of adverse effects on the nervous system. They realize that (Weiss, 1983)
The objectives of the present chapter are to provide an overview of the development of neurobehavioral toxicity testing in China and to suggest roles that these methods can play as that nation faces up to its own challenges in occupational safety and health. Case studies of exposures to carbon disulfide, lead, video display terminal (VDT) operation, and static magnetic fields serve as examples to provide readers with a better understanding of the current status and future direction of the contributions of neurobehavioral testing to meeting these challenges.
In China, carbon disulfide (CS2) is used mainly in the production of viscose rayon fiber and cellophane films (Liang et al., 1983). Approximately 50,000 workers are reportedly exposed to CS2 in these industries. Because control measures have been relatively effective in lowering the CS2 concentration at worksites, overt CS2 poisoning due to high-level exposure is no longer a serious problem. However, the neuropsychological complaints related to long-term exposure to low levels of CS2 are not uncommon. Our pilot study on CS2 (Liang et al., 1983) was initiated by both the need for medical surveillance in the viscose rayon industry and the use of a neurobehavioral test battery for screening the subclinical effects of milder exposure. This was the first systematic use of a neurobehavioral test battery for occupational epidemiology in the region.
A battery of psychological tests involving mood states, intellectual activity, visual perception, short-term memory, and performance speed was administered to 98 male workers exposed to CS2; all were from a viscose rayon factory in Shanghai. The sample was divided into three groups according to the level of exposure during the past 15 years: i.e., group I, a mean exposure level of CS2 above 10 mg/m 3, the present maximum allowable concentration of CS2 adopted in China; group II, approximately 10 mg/m3; and group III, below 10 mg/m3. As controls, 91 nonexposed workers from a textile machinery plant were used and matched for sex, age, and educational background.
There were statistically significant differences in test scores between the exposed and the control groups for most items used (Table 2). An exposure-effect relationship was found among the three groups with different exposure levels. For example, in group I, a total score of 134.04 27.54 could be reliably discriminated from that of from the control group (172.83 30.96); group II, a total score of 150.67 30.46 showed differences of a lesser magnitude; whereas group III (155.27 34.19) was no different from controls. These findings coincided with the results of neurophysiological testing in the same investigation. The motor conduction velocity (MCV) and conduction velocity of slow fiber (CVSF) of ulnar nerve in the CS 2-exposed group were found to be 57.2 and 44.8 m/s, respectively, values significantly lower than those of the comparison group (64.0 and 47 m/s, respectively; Liang et al., 1984).

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